Prior the enactment of the NMAI Act, the remains of five Modoc individuals were repatriated, by the Department of Anthropology, to descendants of the Modoc.  The repatriation took place in 1984 as part of the policy of returning named individuals to living descendants. The individuals repatriated included Kientpuash (Captain Jack), Schonschin, Boston Charlie, Black Jim, and an unnamed woman whose remains were collected from the Lava Bed Battlefields.