Table of Contents

Overview:
Human Evolution
Paleoanthropology
The Process of Evolution

Primate Origins:
Primates
Humans as Primates
The Fossil Primates
The First Humans: The Early Australopiths
From Ape to Human
Australopith Characteristics
Bipedalism
Explaining Bipedalism
Small Canine Teeth

The Australopiths:
Early Australopiths
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
The Later Australopiths
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus
The Fate of the Later Australopiths

The Genus Homo:
The Origin of the Genus Homo
Early Homo
Homo habilis
Homo rudolfensis
Middle Homo
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Homo heidelbergensis
Why Did Humans Spread Out of Africa?
Late Homo
Neanderthals and Other Archaic Humans
Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens

Human Diversity:
Theories on Human Diversity
The Out of Africa Hypothesis
The Multiregional Hypothesis
Genetic Evidence
Fossil Evidence
A Compromise Hypothesis

Cultural Evolution:
Evolution of Cultural Behavior
Social Life
Parental Care
Pair-Bonding
The Home Base
Subsistence
Views/Interpretations/Models of Subsistence in Homo
The Rise of Hunting
Tools
Environmental Adaptation
Symbolic Thought, Language, Art, and Religion
Language
Art
Religion

Domestication and Civilization:
Domestication, Agriculture, and the Rise of Civilizations
Effects of Food Production on Human Society
The Rise of Civilizations